Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing relevance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). These

Innovation is the fuel that drives progress in our ever-evolving world. It's the science of creating novel ideas that have the ability to revolutionize industries, elevate lives, and solve some of humanity's most pressing challenges. From groundbreaking inventions to pioneering solutions, innovation empowers us to surpass boundaries and strive for

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that then depo